By Katie Shoultz
The variety of different horse bits for each discipline can seem endless. Asking yourself some simple questions and understanding how different bits work will help you find just the right bit!
It may seem like a simple task of putting on the bridle and slipping in the bit, but don’t be fooled. As one of the primary means of communication with your horse under saddle, this piece of equipment can seem daunting at first, but knowing important bit basics is germane to any horseman’s needs – from beginners to experienced riders.
1. The bit is a communication essential. The basic bit pieces include the mouthpiece and the rings or shanks to which the bridle and reins are attached. Designed to communicate with the horse through pressure and leverage, the severity of a bit depends on both construction and use. Mouthpieces are single jointed, double jointed, or straight; they can have a port, roller or other pieces that a horse’s tongue can move. Most mouthpieces are made of metal, although some can be made of rubber or other synthetic materials (sometimes in combination). Bits can also be smooth or have some type of twist.
2. The fit of a bit varies. As a general rule, a properly fitted bit will extend on either side of a horse’s mouth about 1/4″ -3/8″. Too loose and the bit will be ineffective and slip. Too tight and the bit will pinch and cause undue pressure. The general rule of thumb is that the average horse takes a 5” bit, but it is recommended to measure or try a few different sizes to make sure your horse is comfortable and responding in the best possible way. As horses progress in their training and a riders become more skilled, the type of bit that is best suited may change.
3. There are two common types of bits: A snaffle or a curb. A snaffle bit (where the reins attach directly to the rings) apply pressure to the bars of a horse’s mouth and tongue. On a curb bit, the rein attaches to a shank or cheekpiece which adds leverage. The curb bit applies pressure to the bars of the mouth, under the chin (through the curb chain) and the poll (the area behind the ears on a horse’s head)
4. Basic snaffle choices. The eggbutt snaffle is commonly considered one of the gentlest bits and does not apply pressure to the corners of a horse’s mouth due to its design. Another mild bit is a simple D-ring (both names come from the shape of the rings on the bit). In the Loose-Ring snaffle, the mouthpiece is attached to a full-round ring, and can slide around on it, allowing the bit to lay in the most natural position. A loose ring can be seen on many horses that have just been started under saddle as a horse gets accustomed to the bit’s feel and pressure. Some snaffle bits, such as the Full Cheek Snaffle, have cheek-pieces which prevent the bit from being pulled through the mouth. Although basic snaffle bits can be considered a milder bit, all snaffle bits can have different levels of severity and effect depending on the design.
5. Curb Choices. A western curb bit consists of a mouthpiece and shanks (instead of rings) where the reins attach. Using leverage, as a rider applies contact with the reins; pressure is applied to the horse’s mouth and poll. Because western horses are generally ridden with looser contact, a longer shank with light rein aids is the equivalent to a horse in a snaffle with greater contact. Most have a curve in the mouthpiece that is called a port. The port can be wider, narrower, lower or higher in design which can alter where the main point of pressure will be exerted. An English curb bit works with the same idea of leverage but the shanks on these bits are usually several inches shorter than a western style curb. A curb bit with an English bridle is also most commonly used with a double bridle.
6. The rider’s hands are the most important factor. Any bit can be harsh in the wrong hands. Remember to always be considerate of your horse’s mouth.
Choosing the right bit for your horse is not always an easy task. Over the years, your horse’s bitting needs may change depending on the activities, training level, and discipline you are riding. Talk to your trainer about the most appropriate bit options for your horse. Don’t forget to check the rulebook for your particular discipline about acceptable bits allowed in competitions!